TARU PUBLICATIONS
 Journal of Statistics and Management Systems cover
Open Access ·Peer-reviewed·ISSN (Online): 2169-0014·ISSN (Print): 0972-0510
Powered by:Powered by

The Journal of Statistics and Management Systems (JSMS) is a world leading journal publishing high quality, rigorously peer-reviewed original research on theoretical and applied statistics and management systems since 1998. The scope is intentionally broad, but papers must make a novel contribution to the field to be considered for publication. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following: • Statistics • Applied Statistics • Industrial Statistics • Statistical Inference • Interdisciplinary role of Statistics • Actuarial Sciences • Decision Sciences • Managerial Aspects • Management Sciences • Management Information Systems

Issues up to 2022 co-published with and available at:Taylor & Francis Online
submissions@tarupublications.com
Open Access Research Article

Empathy among management students : An assessment scale-based study of university students in Gujarat

* , , ,

* Corresponding author · click or hover a name for details

pp. 1457–1467Vol. 28Issue 8November 2025DOI: 10.47974/JSMS-1509XML
Received:
08 Apr 2025
Published Online:
24 Nov 2025
Article type:
Research Article
Language:
EN
Article no.:
JSMS-1509
Pages:
1457–1467

Abstract

Empathy refers to perceiving the emotional state of others, an essential soft skill yet missing among today’s generation. The present study investigates the significance of empathy among management students by evaluating the variables affecting empathy levels, exploring the factors influencing empathy scores and using the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) for selected universities in Gujarat. A structured questionnaire was administered to 482 university students between November 2024 and January 2025, collecting primary data. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were applied to assess construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability using the AMOS tool to ensure the robustness of the TEQ. The findings indicate that Leader Emotional Engagement (LEE) has a strong positive impact on Employee Dedication (ED). Emotional Awareness (EA) shows a moderate influence on Emotional Resilience (ER), while Employee Dedication (ED) exhibits a moderate-to-strong effect on ER. These results highlight the interconnected roles of leadership, emotional awareness and dedication in shaping workplace emotional resilience.

Keywords

Subject Classifications

C38C30

References

[1] S. H. Konrath, “Changes in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: A meta-analysis,” Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 180–198 (2011).
[2] Y. T. Uhls, P. Greenfield, and M. R. Subrahmanyam, “Five days at outdoor education camp without screens improves preteen skills with nonverbal emotion cues,” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 39, pp. 387–392 (2014).
[3] N. Uddin, R. Hasan, N. Papé, and A. Khan, “Independent higher education educators in England: Tutors’ behavioural characteristics preferred by mature students on business management courses,” Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 1777–1801 (Jan. 2023), doi: 10.47974/JSMS-1145.
[4] UNESCO, Social and Emotional Learning: A Framework for Policy and Practice (2021).
[5] R. N. Spreng, M. C. McKinnon, R. A. Mar, and B. Levine, “The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures,” Journal of Personality Assessment, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 62–71 (2009).
[6] M. S. Clark, D. A. Robertson, and J. H. Smith, “How empathy connects to meaningful work and burnout in service employees,” Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 332–345 (2019).
[7] M. Hojat, S. Mangione, T. J. Nasca, M. M. Rattner, J. S. Erdmann, and G. Veloski, “Underlying construct of empathy, gender, and specialty preferences in medical students,” Medical Teacher, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 944–947 (2009).
[8] S. Subha Lakshmi and M. K. Krishnan, “Aggression and empathy in young adults: A correlational study,” Indian Journal of Psychology and Education, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 22–30 (2024).
[9] Z. Yue, L. Chen, and Y. Wang, “Empathy and burnout in medical staff: Mediating role of job satisfaction and job commitment,” BMC Public Health, vol. 22, no. 1, Article 1885 (2022).
[10] Y. T. Uhls, “Media use and empathy development in emerging adults,” Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, vol. 8, no. 2 (2014).
[11] C. P. Cusimano and J. L. Goodwin, “Emotion regulation and moral judgment: A closer look at the evidence,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 272–285 (2020).
[12] A. F. Fisher, M. J. Lang, and P. S. Ortega, “Improving emotional awareness and regulation through structured training,” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 310, pp. 45–54 (2022).
[13] C. Tsamadias and A. Dimakopoulou, “The social rates of return on investment in tertiary technological education by faculty as a guide for educational planning: The case of Greece,” Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–23 (2004), doi: 10.1080/09720510.2004.10701100.
[14] Q. Wu, L. Zhang, and Y. Chen, “Relationship between psychological detachment from work and depressive symptoms: Indirect role of emotional exhaustion and moderating role of self-compassion,” BMC Psychology, vol. 11, no. 1, Article 163 (2023).
[15] E. M. Geiger, J. R. Lucas, and C. M. Martin, “Empathy is associated with interpersonal emotion regulation goals in everyday life,” Emotion, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1092–1108 (2024).
[16] A. B. Tuck and R. D. Lane, “Social contexts are associated with higher emotional awareness than nonsocial contexts: Evidence in a sample of people with and without major depressive disorder,” Emotion, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 633 (2025).
[17] T. Totan, E. Doğan, and Ö. Sapmaz, “The role of emotional self-efficacy and self-esteem in the development of empathy in university students,” Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 732–737 (2012).
[18] A. L. Del Gaizo and J. R. Falkenbach, “Primary and secondary psychopathic traits and their relationship to emotional intelligence,” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 206–212 (2008).
[19] J. Kollerová and M. J. Halamová, “The relationship between emotional intelligence and empathy: A mediating model,” Psychological Studies, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 267–278 (2021).
[20] S. Whitmoyer, J. Gross, and M. T. Charles, “Age differences in emotion regulation strategy use and flexibility in daily life,” Aging & Mental Health (2023).
[21] J. Sze, D. Gyurak, J. Goodkind, and R. W. Levenson, “Greater emotional empathy and prosocial behavior in late life,” Emotion, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1129–1140 (2012).
[22] H. F. Kaiser and J. Rice, “Little Jiffy,” Educational and Psychological Measurement, pp. 111–117 (1974).
[23] M. S. Bartlett, “Tests of significance in factor analysis,” British Journal of Statistical Psychology, pp. 77–85 (1950).
[24] A. Field, Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, London, U.K.: Sage (2018).
[25] B. G. Tabachnick and L. S. Fidell, Using Multivariate Statistics, New York, NY: Pearson (2019).
[26] K. R. Bollen, Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, New York, NY: Guilford Press (2016).
[27] A. Bryman, Social Research Methods, Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press (2016).

Views: 151Downloads: 6Citations: 0