Open Access
Research Article
Energy-efficient protocols for wireless sensor networks optimizing power consumption for prolonged network lifespan
Swati Gopal Gawhalegawhaleswati@gmail.comDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering LavalePune, Maharashtra, 412115, IndiaView full profile → , Deepak Suresh Asudanideepak.s.asudani@gmail.comDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering Symbiosis Institute of Technology Nagpur Campus Symbiosis International (Deemed University)Symbiosis Institute of Technology Nagpur Campus Symbiosis International (Deemed University) Pune, Maharashtra, 412115, IndiaView full profile → , Omkar Mahesh Manavomkar.manav1@vit.eduDepartment of Engineering Science and Humanities Vishwakarma Institute of TechnologyPune, Maharashtra, 411037, IndiaView full profile → , E. Shalinishalini@maher.ac.inDepartment of Computer Science Meenakshi College of Arts and Science Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and ResearchChennai, Tamil Nadu, 600078, IndiaView full profile → , *Karuna S. BhosaleCorresponding authorkaruna.bhosale@pcu.edu.inDepartment of Computer Science & Enggineering PCET’s Pimpri Chinchwad UniversityPune, Maharashtra, 412106, IndiaView full profile →
* Corresponding author · click or hover a name for details
- Received:
- 01 Apr 2025
- Published Online:
- 01 May 2026
- Article type:
- Research Article
- Language:
- EN
- Article no.:
- JIOS-2280
- Pages:
- 1879–1886
Abstract
There is a constrained in wireless sensor network by the limited battery as a resources, make efficiently use of energy efficiency in design protocol. Premature node death reduces coverage, connectivity, and data reliability, thereby limiting the operational lifespan of the network. To address this challenge, we propose a novel protocol named Adaptive Duty-Cycled Clustering and Routing for WSNs (ADCR-WSN), which integrates energy-aware cluster head election, duty-cycled intra-cluster communication, and gradient-based multi-hop inter-cluster routing. Unlike existing protocols that optimize clustering, routing, or duty cycling in isolation, ADCR-WSN employs a lightweight feedback controller to dynamically adjust duty cycles based on real-time residual energy, ensuring balanced energy consumption across the network. Using a first-order radio model, ADCR-WSN is evaluated against canonical protocols including LEACH, HEED, TEEN, and PEGASIS.
Keywords
Subject Classifications
31A1033E30
References
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