TARU PUBLICATIONS
Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences cover

Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences

(Since 1980)
Hybrid ·Peer-reviewed·ISSN (Online): 2169-0103·ISSN (Print): 0252-2667

WoS  JIF 2026 : 0.4 (Q4)

Powered by:Powered by

Monthly Journal: Publishes theoretical and applied research on topics in information and optimization sciences.

Issues up to 2022 co-published with and available at:Taylor & Francis
submissions@tarupublications.com
Taru Online First Current IssueSpecial IssuesBrowse all Issues
Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences
Open Access Research Article

Design of an iterative method for privacy : Preserving blockchain networks integrating dynamic routing with deep Q-networks and homomorphic encryption-based secure routing

* , ,

* Corresponding author · click or hover a name for details

pp. 1081–1090Vol. 46Issue 4-AMay 2025DOI: 10.47974/JIOS-1893XML
Received:
16 Oct 2024
Published Online:
31 May 2025
Article type:
Research Article
Language:
EN
Article no.:
JIOS-1893
Pages:
1081–1090

Abstract

The burgeoning digital landscape has necessitated advancements in blockchain network optimization, particularly in enhancing privacy without compromising network efficiency. Existing blockchain routing mechanisms often fail to address comprehensive privacy concerns, typically offering suboptimal trade-offs between privacy preservation and network performance. The proposed model encompasses five innovative methods. First, Dynamic Routing with Deep Q-Networks (DR-DQN) leverages deep Q-learning to adapt routing paths dynamically based on network conditions and privacy requirements. It significantly reduces average latency by 20% while maintaining high privacy levels. Second, Autonomous Privacy-Preserving Routing (APPR) combines deep reinforcement learning with differential privacy techniques to autonomously optimize routing decisions, achieving a 25% reduction in information leakage. Third, Privacy-Preserving Graph Analytics for Blockchain Networks (PP-GABN) utilizes graph analytics integrated with differential privacy to analyze and optimize network data, thereby reducing privacy leakage by 30%. Fourth, Homomorphic Encryption-based Secure Routing (HE-SR) employs homomorphic encryption, allowing computations on encrypted data to preserve privacy effectively, achieving near-zero information leakage. Lastly, Bayesian Privacy-Preserving Routing (BPPR) uses Bayesian inference to model probabilistic routing decisions, enhancing privacy levels by 35% with minimal impact on routing efficiency. The convergence of these methods within a unified framework discourses the gaps in privacy and efficiency and sets a new standard for the design of secure, scalable, and efficient blockchain networks. This comprehensive approach provides a robust basis for future study and development in blockchain network optimization. 

Keywords

Blockchain optimizationPrivacy-preserving technologiesDeep Q-learningHomomorphic encryptionDifferential privacy

Subject Classifications

Primary 68P27Secondary 68M25

References

[1] A. Chhabra, R. Saha, G. Kumar, and T.-H. Kim, “Navigating the maze: Exploring blockchain privacy and its information retrieval,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 32089–32110 (2024), doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3370857.
[2] S. Banaeian Far and A. Imani Rad, “PP-DENT: A privacy-preserving framework for blockchain-based mobile/roaming transactions,” IEEE Networking Letters, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 204–207 (Dec. 2022), doi: 10.1109/LNET.2022.3201987.
[3] Y. Zhang, X. Zhou, M. Tan, Y. Wang, and L. Lu, “PACTA: An IoT data privacy regulation compliance scheme using TEE and blockchain,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 8882–8893 (Mar. 2024), doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3321308.
[4] W. Jie, S. Zhang, Y. Qian, and W. Liao, “A secure and flexible blockchain-based offline payment protocol,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 408–421 (Feb. 2024), doi: 10.1109/TC.2023.3331823.
[5] K. Zhang, J. Tian, H. Xiao, Y. Zhao, W. Zhao, and J. Chen, “A numerical splitting and adaptive privacy budget-allocation-based LDP mechanism for privacy preservation in blockchain-powered IoT,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 6733–6741 (Apr. 15, 2023), doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3145845.
[6] S. Rahmadika, P. V. Astillo, G. Choudhary, D. G. Duguma, V. Sharma, and I. You, “Blockchain-based privacy preservation scheme for misbehavior detection in lightweight IoMT devices,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 710–721 (Feb. 2023), doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2022.3187037.
[7] J. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Liu, and H. Zhang, “Conditional anonymous remote healthcare data sharing over blockchain,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2231–2242 (May 2023), doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2022.3183397.
[8] G. Wu, S. Wang, Z. Ning, and B. Zhu, “Privacy-preserved electronic medical record exchanging and sharing: A blockchain-based smart healthcare system,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1917–1927 (May 2022), doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2021.3123643.
[9] X. Zhang, S. Jiang, Y. Liu, T. Jiang, and Y. Zhou, “Privacy-preserving scheme with account-mapping and noise-adding for energy trading based on consortium blockchain,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 569–581 (Mar. 2022), doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2021.3110980.
[10] Y. Qu, W. Liang, Z. Li, and X. Guo, “Towards privacy-aware and trustworthy data sharing using blockchain for edge intelligence,” Big Data Mining and Analytics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 443–464 (Dec. 2023), doi: 10.26599/BDMA.2023.9020012.
[11] K. N. Qureshi, G. Jeon, M. M. Hassan, M. R. Hassan, and K. Kaur, “Blockchain-based privacy-preserving authentication model for intelligent transportation systems,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 7435–7443 (Jul. 2023), doi: 10.1109/TITS.2022.3158320.
[12] G. Xu, H. Li, Z. Zhang, M. Wang, and X. Chen, “A privacy-preserving medical data sharing scheme based on blockchain,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 698–709 (Feb. 2023), doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2022.3203577.
[13] Y. Liu, T. Ma, L. Wang, X. Li, and Z. Zhang, “VRepChain: A decentralized and privacy-preserving reputation system for social internet of vehicles based on blockchain,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 13242–13253 (Dec. 2022), doi: 10.1109/TVT.2022.3198004.
[14] T. Zhang, Z. Wu, X. Li, and C. Wang, “Privacy evaluation of blockchain-based privacy cryptocurrencies: A comparative analysis of Dash, Monero, Verge, Zcash, and Grin,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 574–582 (Oct.–Dec. 2023), doi: 10.1109/TSUSC.2023.3303180.
[15] W. Liang, X. He, Y. Li, and Z. Chen, “PDPChain: A consortium blockchain-based privacy protection scheme for personal data,” IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 586–598 (Jun. 2023), doi: 10.1109/TR.2022.3190932.
[16] H. Al-Shaibani, N. Lasla, M. Abdallah, and S. Bakiras, “Privacy-preserving framework for blockchain-based stock exchange platform,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 1202–1215 (2022), doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3132690.
[17] J. An, Z. Wang, X. He, X. Gui, J. Cheng, and R. Gui, “PPQC: A blockchain-based privacy-preserving quality control mechanism in crowdsensing applications,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1352–1367 (Jun. 2022), doi: 10.1109/TNET.2022.3141582.
[18] J. Zhang, Y. Jiang, J. Cui, D. He, I. Bolodurina, and H. Zhong, “DBCPA: Dual blockchain-assisted conditional privacy-preserving authentication framework and protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1127–1141 (Feb. 2024), doi: 10.1109/TMC.2022.3230853.
[19] C. Xu, Y. Qu, Y. Xiang, T. H. Luan, and L. Gao, “An optimized privacy-protected blockchain system for supply chain on internet of things,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 9019–9030 (Mar. 1, 2024), doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3321889.
[20] F. Daidone, B. Carminati, and E. Ferrari, “Blockchain-based privacy enforcement in the IoT domain,” IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 3887–3898 (Nov.–Dec. 2022), doi: 10.1109/TDSC.2021.3110181.

Views: 185Downloads: 69Citations: 0