AI-based electronic health record architecture for secure patient data and its analytics
*Dinesh GoyalCorresponding authordinesh8dg@gmail.com; dinesh.goyal@poornima.orgDepartment of Creative Technologies and Product Design School of Innovative Design and Management National Taipei University of Business; Department of Computer Science & Engineering & Technology Poornima Institute of Engineering & TechnologyDepartment of Creative Technologies and Product Design School of Innovative Design and Management National Taipei University of BusinessJaipur, New Taipei City, 303905, Taiwan (R.O.C.)View full profile → , Sheng-Lung Pengslpeng@ntub.edu.twDepartment of Creative Technologies and Product Design School of Innovative Design and Management National Taipei University of BusinessNew Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)View full profile →
* Corresponding author · click or hover a name for details
- Received:
- 01 Oct 2025
- Published Online:
- 11 Mar 2026
- Article type:
- Research Article
- Language:
- EN
- Article no.:
- JDMSC-2631
- Pages:
- 1521–1540
Abstract
Keywords
Subject Classifications
References
[1] G. Rathee and R. Iqbal, “Enhancing Decision-Making and Data Management in Healthcare: A Hybrid Ensemble Learning and Blockchain Approach,” Technologies, vol. 13, no. 43 (2025).
[2] S. Akbulut, F. H. Semantha, S. Azam, I. C. A. Pilares, M. Jonkman, K. C. Yeo, and B. Shanmugam, “Designing a Private and Secure Personal Health Records Access Management System: A Solution Based on IOTA Distributed Ledger Technology,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 5174 (2023).
[3] P. Shojaei, E. Vlahu-Gjorgievska, and Y.-W. Chow, “Security and Privacy of Technologies in Health Information Systems: A Systematic Literature Review,” Computers, vol. 13, no. 41(2024).
[4] A. Almalawi, A. I. Khan, F. Alsolami, Y. B. Abushark, and A. S. Alfakeeh, “Managing Security of Healthcare Data for a Modern Healthcare System,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 3612 (2023).
[5] L. Wang, X. Liu, W. Shao, C. Guan, Q. Huang, S. Xu, and S. Zhang, “A Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Healthcare Data Sharing Scheme for Incremental Updates,” Symmetry, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 89 (2024).
[6] F. Ma, M. Ye, J. Luo, C. Xiao, and J. Sun, “Advances in Mining Heterogeneous Healthcare Data,” in Proc. 27th ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, Singapore, pp. 4050–4051 (2021).
[7] M. Wang, S. Li, T. Zheng, N. Li, Q. Shi, X. Zhuo, R. Ding and Y. Huang, “Big Data Healthcare Platform with Multisource Heterogeneous Data Integration and Governance,” JMIR Med. Inform., Vol. 10, no. 4, pp. e36481 (2022).
[8] A. Thakur, S. Molaei, P. C. Nganjimi, A. Soltan, P. Schwab, K. Branson, and D. A. Clifton, “Knowledge Abstraction and Filtering Based Federated Learning over Heterogeneous Data Views in Healthcare,” NPJ Digital Medicine, vol. 7, no. 283 (2024).
[9] M. Thompson, G. Kwasny, and M. Rosulek, “GuardML: Secure and Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning with Homomorphic Encryption,” in Proc. ACM SAC (2024).
[10] M. Mohanty, M. Alotaibi, and J. Zhang, “hChain 4.0: An Advanced Blockchain Framework for Healthcare Data Management,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.10828(2025).
[11] Ittai Dayan , Holger R Roth , Aoxiao Zhong , Ahmed Harouni, Amilcare Gentili, Anas Z Abidin, Andrew Liu, Anthony Beardsworth Costa, Bradford J Wood, Chien-Sung Tsai, Chih-Hung Wang , Chun-Nan Hsu, C K Lee, Peiying Ruan, Daguang Xu, Dufan Wu, Eddie Huang, Felipe Campos Kitamura, Griffin Lacey , Gustavo César de Antônio Corradi, Gustavo Nino, Hao-Hsin Shin, Hirofumi Obinata, Hui Ren, Jason C Crane, Jesse Tetreault, Jiahui Guan, John W Garrett, Joshua D Kaggie, Jung Gil Park, Keith Dreyer, Krishna Juluru, Kristopher Kersten, Marcio Aloisio Bezerra Cavalcanti Rockenbach, Marius George Linguraru, Masoom A Haider, Meena AbdelMaseeh, Nicola Rieke, Pablo F Damasceno, Pedro Mario Cruz E Silva, Pochuan Wang , Sheng Xu , Shuichi Kawano, Sira Sriswasdi, Soo Young Park, Thomas M Grist, Varun Buch, Watsamon Jantarabenjakul, Weichung Wang , Won Young Tak, Xiang Li, Xihong Lin, Young Joon Kwon, Abood Quraini , Andrew Feng , Andrew N Priest, Baris Turkbey, Benjamin Glicksberg, Bernardo Bizzo, Byung Seok Kim, Carlos Tor-Díez, Chia-Cheng Lee, Chia-Jung Hsu, Chin Lin, Chiu-Ling Lai, Christopher P Hess, Colin Compas, Deepeksha Bhatia, Eric K Oermann, Evan Leibovitz , Hisashi Sasaki, Hitoshi Mori, Isaac Yang, Jae Ho Sohn, Krishna Nand Keshava Murthy, Li-Chen Fu, Matheus Ribeiro Furtado de Mendonça, Mike Fralick, Min Kyu Kang, Mohammad Adil , Natalie Gangai, Peerapon Vateekul, Pierre Elnajjar, Sarah Hickman, Sharmila Majumda , Shelley L McLeod, Sheridan Reed, Stefan Gräf , Stephanie Harmon , Tatsuya Kodama , Thanyawee Puthanakit, Tony Mazzulli, Vitor Lima de Lavor , Yothin Rakvongthai, Yu Rim Lee, Yuhong Wen, Fiona J Gilbert , Mona G Flores, and Quanzheng Li, “Federated Learning for Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19,” Nature Medicine, vol. 27, pp. 1735–1743 (2021).
[12] M. Barni, P. Failla, R. Lazzeretti, A.-R. Sadeghi, and T. Schneider, “Privacy-Preserving ECG Classification in the Cloud,” in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, pp. 193–196 (2009).
[13] S. Nahar, A. K. Dutta, and A. Sarkar, “Blockchain-Based Malware Detection Framework for Mobile Devices,” Int. J. Critical Computer-Based Systems, vol. 10, no. 1/2, pp. 56–72 (2021).
[14] K. Huang, J. Altosaar, and R. Ranganath, “ClinicalBERT: Modeling Clinical Notes and Predicting Hospital Readmission,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.05342 (2019).
[15] Xi Yang, Aokun Chen, Nima PourNejatian, Hoo Chang Shin, Kaleb E Smith, Christopher Parisien, Colin Compas, Cheryl Martin, Mona G Flores, Ying Zhang, Tanja Magoc, Christopher A Harle, Gloria Lipori, Duane A Mitchell, William R Hogan, Elizabeth A Shenkman, Jiang Bian, and Yonghui Wu, “GatorTron: A Large Clinical Language Model to Unlock Patient Information from Unstructured EHRs,” J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1635–1643 (2022).
[16] Z. Che, S. Purushotham, K. Cho, D. Sontag, and Y. Liu, “Recurrent Neural Networks for Multivariate Time Series with Missing Values (GRU-D),” Scientific Reports, vol. 8, 6085 (2018).
[17] G. Ke, Q. Meng, T. Finley, T. Wang, W. Chen, W. Ma, Q. Ye, and T.-Y. Liu, “LightGBM: A Highly Efficient Gradient Boosting Decision Tree,” in Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 30 (NeurIPS), pp. 3146–3154 (2017).
[18] Alistair E. W. Johnson, Lucas Bulgarelli, Lu Shen, Alvin Gayles, Ayad Shammout, Steven Horng, Tom J. Pollard, Sicheng Hao, Benjamin Moody, Brian Gow, Li-wei H. Lehman, Leo A. Celi and Roger G. Mark, “MIMIC-IV, a Freely Accessible Electronic Health Record Dataset,” Scientific Data, vol. 10, p. 1 (2023).
[19] J. H. Cheon, A. Kim, M. Kim, and Y. Song, “Homomorphic Encryption for Arithmetic of Approximate Numbers (CKKS),” in Advances in Cryptology – ASIACRYPT, pp. 409–437 (2017).
[20] Elli Androulaki, Artem Barger, Vita Bortnikov, Christian Cachin, Konstantinos Christidis, Angelo De Caro, David Enyeart, Christopher Ferris, Gennady Laventman, Yacov Manevich, Srinivasan Muralidharan, Chet Murthy, Binh Nguyen, Manish Sethi, Gari Singh, Keith Smith, Alessandro Sorniotti, Chrysoula Stathakopoulou, Marko Vukolić, Sharon Weed Cocco, and Jason Yellick, “Hyperledger Fabric: A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains,” in Proc. EuroSys ’18, pp. 1–15 (2018).
[21] J. Bethencourt, A. Sahai, and B. Waters, “Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption,” in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security & Privacy, pp. 321–334 (2007).
[22] Martín Abadi, Andy Chu, Ian Goodfellow, H. Brendan McMahan, Ilya Mironov, Kunal Talwar, and Li Zhang, “Deep Learning with Differential Privacy,” in Proc. ACM CCS, pp. 308–318 (2016).
[23] A. Yousefpour, I. Shilov, A. Sablayrolles, S. Testa, and B. Balle, “Opacus: User-Friendly Differential Privacy in PyTorch,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.12298 (2021).
[24] O. N. Odukoya, G. Iwasokun, M. Bakare, T. Ajao, and A. Alabdulatif, “EHRGuard: Leveraging Blockchain and IoMT for Secure and Interoperable Electronic Health Records,” PubMed ID: 39749272, ahead of print (2025).




