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Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography cover

Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography

(Since 1998)
Open Access ·Peer-reviewed·ISSN (Online): 2169-0065·ISSN (Print): 0972-0529

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Monthly Journal: Publishes theoretical and applied research in all areas of Discrete Mathematical Sciences, Cryptography, Combinatorics, Elliptic Curves and Information Security.

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Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography
Open Access Research Article

Enhancing wireless sensor networks : A discrete mathematical model for OLEACH-based clustering and routing

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pp. 2469–2476Vol. 28Issue 6September 2025DOI: 10.47974/JDMSC-2332 Crossmark XML
Received:
06 Mar 2024
Published Online:
09 Jul 2025
Article type:
Research Article
Language:
EN
Article no.:
JDMSC-2332
Pages:
2469–2476

Abstract

This paper suggests a comprehensive description of some cluster head protocols, optimization techniques, and metaheuristic-based approaches for efficient energy operation in WSNs. A mathematical framework for cluster head selection, multi-hop transmission, and network topology is suggested for optimization by machine learning, game theory, and deep learning models such as Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) and Butterfly Ant Colony Optimization (BOA-ACO). Moreover, an optimized LEACH protocol (OLEACH) is presented with improvements cluster formation and transmission techniques to improve network lifetime and load balancing. According to simulation results, OLEACH outperforms the conventional protocols MR-LEACH, BPDA, CNNDA, and FDEAM by greatly increasing throughput by 33.3%, network lifetime by 60%, and packet delivery rate by 98%.  Through the best cluster head selection, OLEACH also minimizes long-distance transmissions, increases routing efficiency, and lowers energy usage by 42.16%. This work demonstrates the assurance of intelligent routing and clustering methods to ensure the best WSN performance, scalability, resilience, and sustainability for future applications of IoT.

Keywords

OLEACH protocolWireless sensor networks (WSNs)ClusteringCooperative communicationDiscrete mathematicsEnergy efficiencyMulti-hop routingGraph theoryNetwork lifetimeOptimization techniques

Subject Classifications

Primary 68R01Secondary 97N70

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