<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-statistics-and-management-systems</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title> Journal of Statistics and Management Systems</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0014</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0510</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JSMS-1590</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Under reporting of age by collegiate student athletes in India : A prevalence study using a mixture binary RRT model</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalucha</surname>
            <given-names>Geeta</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, P. G. D. A. V. College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110065, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalucha</surname>
            <given-names>Vaani</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Step By Step School, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201304, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>431</fpage>
      <lpage>442</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Age misrepresentation fundamentally undermines fairness and resource allocation within Indian sports. This study applies a   Mixture Binary Randomized Response Technique (RRT) among university athletes at the campus of a Delhi University college to estimate the true prevalence of age fraud while assessing trust in the method’s privacy guarantee. Using the direct-question approach anonymously, prevalence was found to be 0.300 (variance 0.000105), trust in RRT’s privacy protection was 0.750 (variance 0.002526), and the RRT- based estimated prevalence was 0.260606 (variance 0.005615). These findings reveal substantial sensitivity surrounding age fraud and strong acceptability of RRT’s privacy guarantees. The methodological advantages, practical implementation guidance, and policy relevance for integrating RRT into national anti-age fraud frameworks are discussed in depth.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Age fraud in sports</kwd>
        <kwd>Randomized response technique (RRT)</kwd>
        <kwd>Respondent privacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Social desirability bias (SDB)</kwd>
        <kwd>Trust in RRT</kwd>
        <kwd>Variance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
