<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2442</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>AI-inspired business models for India’s EV ecosystem using simulation framework</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Thakor</surname>
            <given-names>Miteshkumar Babuji</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management Studies, Smt. S. B. Patel Institute of Business Management, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, 384315, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Patel</surname>
            <given-names>Chirag Rasikbhai</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management Studies, Smt. S. B. Patel Institute of Business Management, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, 384315, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Patel</surname>
            <given-names>Hani</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management Studies, Smt. S. B. Patel Institute of Business Management, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, 384315, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modi</surname>
            <given-names>Ronak R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management Studies, Smt. S. B. Patel Institute of Business Management, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, 384315, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>47</volume>
      <issue>9-B</issue>
      <fpage>3455</fpage>
      <lpage>3462</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>India’s EV transition is supported by policy, environmental concerns, and consumer acceptance. Investment decisions remain difficult due to uncertain charging demand and limited real-world data. The study proposes a simple Excel-based feasibility tool for EV charging stations. It integrates demand forecasting, charger sizing, tariff design, and cost analysis. Three scenarios assess utilization, energy use, revenue, costs, cash flow, and payback. The model helps evaluate operational and financial viability under uncertain conditions. It offers a low-cost, transparent, and flexible planning approach for Indian cities.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Electric vehicles</kwd>
        <kwd>Charging infrastructure</kwd>
        <kwd>Feasibility analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Simulation modelling</kwd>
        <kwd>Scenario planning</kwd>
        <kwd>Excel-based framework</kwd>
        <kwd>India</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
