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<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2449</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>AI-driven advisory in insurance services : An experimental study on trust, transparency, and policy adoption</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Patel</surname>
            <given-names>Chirag Rasikbhai</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management Studies, Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, 384315, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trivedi</surname>
            <given-names>Parimal R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management Studies, Smt. S. B. Patel Institute of Business Management, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, 384315, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yadav</surname>
            <given-names>Khushbuben Ravindrabhai</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management Studies, Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, 384315, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karnavat</surname>
            <given-names>Bhagvan M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Management Studies, National Forensic Sciences University, Delhi Campus, Delhi, 110085, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>47</volume>
      <issue>9-B</issue>
      <fpage>3521</fpage>
      <lpage>3533</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Purpose: The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in insurance advisory services has transformed how insurers advise their customers; however, empirical comparisons of alternative configurations of advisory services are limited. This study investigates the effects of AI-only, human-only, and hybrid human–AI advisory models on consumer trust, perceived transparency, perceived risk, and policy purchase intent.Design/methodology/approach: An experiment was designed to compare three advisory groups: AI only, human only, and hybrid (human and AI) using a between-groups randomized design on 90 insurance consumers in a standardized insurance policy selection scenario. Validated measurement scales were used and data analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), mediation and moderation analysis (PROCESS macro) and robustness checks using structural equation modelling.Findings: The results show that hybrid human–AI advisory creates the most trust, perceived transparency, and purchase intent. The adoption of AI-only advisory service not only increases perceived efficiency but also raises cyber security and privacy concerns, which works against adoption. Advisory mode is a mediator between perceived transparency and perceived risk and consumer outcomes, and AI literacy and prior claim experience moderate advisory preferences.Originality/value: The study offers causal evidence on the impact of AI in insurance advisory and also emphasises the strategic worth of hybrid Human–AI systems in trust-essential monetary services.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd>
        <kwd>Insurance advisory</kwd>
        <kwd>Customer trust</kwd>
        <kwd>Perceived transparency</kwd>
        <kwd>Cyber security concerns</kwd>
        <kwd>AI literacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Human–AI collaboration</kwd>
        <kwd>Purchase intention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
