<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2424</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hybrid block approach based on four-step Adams-Moulton scheme for solving stiff control models in operations research</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Hambagda</surname>
            <given-names>Buba</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Federal University Gashua, Gashua, Yobe State, 631001, Nigeria</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atsi</surname>
            <given-names>Kaze</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Federal University Gashua, Gashua, Yobe State, 631001, Nigeria</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aina</surname>
            <given-names>Babatunde</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Federal University Gashua, Gashua, Yobe State, 631001, Nigeria</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>47</volume>
      <issue>9-A</issue>
      <fpage>3339</fpage>
      <lpage>3351</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>In this work, a hybrid block method based on the four-step Adams-Moulton scheme specifically tailored for solving stiff control problems has been presented. Tests for\ convergence and stability are conducted to verify the validity of the method. Comparative numerical examples are used to demonstrate the level of accuracy exhibited by the new method over the analytical process. The findings indicate the method’s consistency, zero– stability, and A(α)–stability characteristics, and therefore, suitable for practical applications to stiff dynamical systems in operations research. Numerical results are compared with the exact solutions, and indicate a good level of accuracy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Adams-Moulton method</kwd>
        <kwd>Hybrid block method</kwd>
        <kwd>Stability analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Stiff systems</kwd>
        <kwd>Operations research</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
