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<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2326</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Multiphase code clone detection using NSGA-II</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saini</surname>
            <given-names>Neha</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science, Government College, Chhachhrauli (Yamuna Nagar), Chhachhrauli, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, 135103, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <given-names>Shalu</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Technology, Manav Rachna University, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Joshi</surname>
            <given-names>Upasna</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>School of Computer Science Engineering &amp; Technology, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gambhir</surname>
            <given-names>Ankit</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Trinity Institute of Professional Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Singh</surname>
            <given-names>Aniket</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Technology, Manav Rachna University, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khan</surname>
            <given-names>Mohd Anas</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>47</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <fpage>2713</fpage>
      <lpage>2722</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>This duplication of source code is termed as code cloning. This is the most widely used source code reusing technique in software development. When one bug is discovered in a single section of a code, there is need to test all the other sections that are the same code to test the bug. Consequently, the given cloning technique can lead to the spread of some issues, which significantly affects maintenance expenses. Code clone detection (CCD) seems to be an active field of research. CCD method based on semantic similarity is applicable in software engineering (e.g., software evolution, software reuse, etc). The classical code clone detection systems emphasize semantic similarity to a lesser degree and more on the syntax similarity. This leads to ignoring of candidate code that has similar meanings in semantics. To address this issue semantic similarity-based code clone detection algorithm named as Multiphase Code Clone Detection using non-dominated sorting algorithm (NSGA- II) has been put forward which has given a type-1 clone detection of 97.37% and a type-2, type-3, and type-4 clones detection of 96.70%, 95% and 92.50% respectively.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Code clone</kwd>
        <kwd>NSGA</kwd>
        <kwd>Clone type</kwd>
        <kwd>Clone size software maintenance</kwd>
        <kwd>Software metrics</kwd>
        <kwd>CCD</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
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    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
