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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-1963</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Approach of VAEs in handling incomplete heterogeneous data</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castellanos</surname>
            <given-names>Ari Ernesto Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan (R.O.C.)</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Chuan-Ming</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan (R.O.C.)</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>47</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>2139</fpage>
      <lpage>2153</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>The latent structure found in vast, intricate, high-dimensional datasets is effectively and accurately captured by Variational autoencoders (VAEs). Existing VAE architectures struggle with issues commonly found in real-world datasets: heterogeneous data (which combines continuous and discrete variables) and incomplete data (where missing values appear randomly). This paper introduces a comprehensive framework for designing VAEs capable of accommodating incomplete heterogeneous data. Termed MI-VAE, this novel approach utilizes a key feature: likelihood models tailored for diverse data types, including real-valued, positive real-valued, interval, categorical, ordinal, and count data. Furthermore, the model is proficient at managing missing values, accurately performing both estimation and imputation functions. Moreover, when applied to supervised learning problems, MI-VAE demonstrates a competitive predictive capacity, often exceeding that of supervised models built from the same incomplete data. Furthermore, MI-VAE not only addresses missing values but also achieves competitive performance in supervised learning tasks, demonstrating its effectiveness in real-world applications.</p>
      </abstract>
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</article>
