<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2295</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Age prediction on EEG signals via hybrid feature engineering approach</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Srimaharaj</surname>
            <given-names>Wanus</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Information Technology, The International College, Payap University, Chiang Mai, 50000, Thailand</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Thune</surname>
            <given-names>Neeta N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU), Pune, Maharashtra, 411052, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaising</surname>
            <given-names>Supansa</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Sustainability and Entrepreneurship Research Center, School of Management, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kanwade</surname>
            <given-names>A. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU), Pune, Maharashtra, 411052, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gawande</surname>
            <given-names>G. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering, Loni Kalbhor, MIT-ADT University, Pune, Maharashtra, 412201, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>47</volume>
      <issue>5-B</issue>
      <fpage>2043</fpage>
      <lpage>2052</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>This study proposes a Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model with a custom composite kernel for age prediction from normal electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Using the TUH Abnormal EEG Corpus from the Temple University EEG dataset, the model combines Radial Basis Function (RBF) and Matérn kernels to capture both global and local variations in EEG features. The prediction framework demonstrates a mean absolute error of 5.252 years and shows higher accuracy for middle-aged individuals. The composite kernel enables flexible adaptation to EEG signal characteristics across age ranges. The approach highlights differences in prediction performance across age groups and suggests clinical applicability for EEG-based age estimation. The findings demonstrate the potential of combining feature engineering and kernel-based learning for age prediction from normal EEG signals.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Age prediction</kwd>
        <kwd>Deep learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Electroencephalogram</kwd>
        <kwd>EEG</kwd>
        <kwd>Signal processing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
