<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2254</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessing the impact of investment levels on power system security enhancements and substation automation upgrades</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dhabliya</surname>
            <given-names>Dharmesh</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Information Technology, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411037, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Bibhu</surname>
            <given-names>Vimal</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Noida International University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 203201, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Panneerselvam</surname>
            <given-names>Ponmurugan</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Centre for Doctoral Studies, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600078, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jain</surname>
            <given-names>Naveen</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Professional Management &amp; Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492015, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pawar</surname>
            <given-names>Avinash M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering for Women, Pune, Maharashtra, 411043, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>47</volume>
      <issue>5-A</issue>
      <fpage>1643</fpage>
      <lpage>1650</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>This research looks at how different levels of spending affect the safety of the power system and the automation of substations.  Power networks are facing more and more cyber and physical dangers, such as SCADA hacks and cascading breakdowns, as they rely more and more on digital control and tracking systems. The study looks at low, medium, and high spending plans using cybersecurity risk score models and dynamic stability tests in MATLAB/PSCAD. The results show that higher spending greatly lower risks, make systems more reliable, and boost the efficiency of automation. The results make it clear how important it is to keep giving focused funds to make sure that energy systems are strong, scalable, and ready for the future so they can handle new security problems.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Power system security</kwd>
        <kwd>Substation automation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cybersecurity risk scoring</kwd>
        <kwd>Dynamic stability modeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Investment impact</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
