<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2054</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Covert communication using reversible and lossless image steganography with high embedding capacity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Sirisha</surname>
            <given-names>B. Lakshmi</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 520007, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sridevi</surname>
            <given-names>G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department Electronics and Communication Engineering, Surampalem, Aditya University, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, 533437, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Harika</surname>
            <given-names>K. V. S. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500090, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <given-names>Shahnazuddin</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of English, Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 520007, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>47</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>741</fpage>
      <lpage>751</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>In digital world, security is one of the important challenging issues. Data hiding is one of the ways out. Covert communication is possible with data hiding. Steganography technique is one of the useful data hiding method, the secret is hided with the help of cover so that the third party cannot identify. Data may be in the form of text, image, audio/video. In this paper, a novel image steganography algorithm based on modulus and polynomial theory is proposed for data hiding. In proposed method image is taken as data, both secret and cover images are reconstructed at the receiver side by the authorized person without any damage hence this method satisfies the reversibility property. Proposed method gives high embedding capacity, good quality with a PSNR of 64.45dB compared with existing techniques.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Covert communication</kwd>
        <kwd>Data hiding</kwd>
        <kwd>Image metrics</kwd>
        <kwd>Image steganography</kwd>
        <kwd>Modulus</kwd>
        <kwd>Polynomial theory</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
