<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2481</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An adaptive hybrid feature representation framework for modelling of complex network attacks and classifications</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Annapurna</surname>
            <given-names>Arikatla</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thillaikarasi </surname>
            <given-names>M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reddy</surname>
            <given-names>K.  Subba</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering and Technology, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, 518501, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>47</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <fpage>3535</fpage>
      <lpage>3544</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Network intrusion detection systems are playing a significant role in protecting communication infrastructures against sophisticated cyber-attacks. Existing machine learning classification methods are needed to achieve accurate classifications of network data. Network cyber-attacks are diverse and dynamic in nature. Thus, existing methods sometimes fail due to a lack of multi-view learning for cyber-attacks, which captures the complex, high-dimensional, and non-linear relationships inherent in network traffic data. These limitations lead to reduced detection accuracy and poor generalisation for diverse and evolving attack patterns. This paper proposes a Hybrid Feature Representation Framework (HFRF) that integrates multi-stage feature refinement, multi-view transformation, and adaptive feature selection for effective network data classification. The proposed framework initially performs variance- and mutual information-based filtering to retain relevant features, followed by dual transformations using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) to capture both global and localised data structures. These complementary representations are then fused and optimised using an ensemble-based feature-importance mechanism to select the most discriminative features dynamically. Extensive experiments are conducted on benchmark datasets, including CICIDS2018 and UNSW-NB15, to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method compared to other methods.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Feature representation</kwd>
        <kwd>Adaptive feature selection</kwd>
        <kwd>Machine learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Feature fusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Classification</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
