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<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2038</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Deep fake detection system based on improvement graph convolutional network</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Abed</surname>
            <given-names>Basim Najim Al-din</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences &amp; Computer Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan Province, 51666 15813, Iran</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karimpour</surname>
            <given-names>J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences &amp; Computer Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan Province, 51666 15813, Iran</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mahan</surname>
            <given-names>Farnaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences &amp; Computer Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan Province, 51666 15813, Iran</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>47</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>287</fpage>
      <lpage>298</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Detection of deep fake has also become a top priority in digital security and media integrity domains, particularly with the widespread presence of sophisticated generative adversarial network (GAN)-based methods. The current paper presents a novel hybrid detection system that combines graph-based formulations, a diffusion-osmosis filter specifically developed for attenuation of adversarial noise, and a graph convolutional network (GCN) classifier. The proposed system is extensively evaluated on diverse benchmark datasets: DFDC, Celeb A, Face Forensics++ (FF++), and CIFAR-10. By converting the images into a graph structure using an initial processing layer of a diffusion-osmosis filter, the system efficiently nullifies adversarial perturbations induced by GANs, thereby improving the robustness of the detection pipeline. The GCN classifier utilizes the graph-structured data to attain state-of-the-art performance in real-synthetic media discrimination. Our experimental findings indicate that the proposed framework achieves detection accuracy between 98.71% and 99.87% on the tested datasets. These evidences suggest that the proposed framework is capable of addressing a wide range of deep fake cases, including high-quality face manipulations and refined adversarial attacks. Produces a state-of-the-art scalable detection system which is immune to noise and may have potential for use in applications for content authentication, forensic analysis, and digital trust protection. The presented approach establishes a sound bench for future development of hybrid deep fake detection systems.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>GCN</kwd>
        <kwd>Diffusion-osmosis</kwd>
        <kwd>CIFAR-10</kwd>
        <kwd>DFDC</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
