<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2027</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hybrid deep learning-based IoT intrusion detection : A comparative study of CNN, GRU, LSTM, and hybrid architectures</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Weamie</surname>
            <given-names>Sonkarlay J.Y.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Yuelu District, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kolluru</surname>
            <given-names>Vinothkumar</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Data Science, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, U.S.A.</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>AB Jallah Balyemah</surname>
            <given-names>AB Jallah Balyemah</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Yuelu District, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Challagundla</surname>
            <given-names>Yagnesh</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Engineering Education, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, U.S.A.</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>46</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1983</fpage>
      <lpage>1994</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Cyber-physical systems, particularly Internet of Things devices, pose significant cybersecurity challenges due to their vast volume, speed, and complexity of network traffic and attack vectors. This research presents an innovative hybrid deep learning technique to improve intrusion detection by taking full advantage of spatial and temporal characteristics from IoT network traffic. In this paper, we conduct a systematic study to compare different deep learning models, including CNN, GRUs, and LSTM networks, as well as their hybrid architectures such as CNN- GRU and CNN-LSTM on real-world NB-IoT dataset with benign traffic traces mixed up against targeted attacks from Mirai/Gafgyt botnets. The CNN-LSTM hybrid model demonstrated significant performance in IoT intrusion detection, achieving accuracy rates of 94.7%, precision of 94.6%, recall of 94.7%, and F1-score of 94.6%.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>CNN-LSTM</kwd>
        <kwd>CNN-GRU</kwd>
        <kwd>Deep learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Hybrid models</kwd>
        <kwd>GRU-CNN</kwd>
        <kwd>IoT security</kwd>
        <kwd>IDS</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
