<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2016</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Energy-efficient resource allocation in fog computing using hybrid genetic algorithm-based VM consolidation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Rao</surname>
            <given-names>Manjula Gururaj</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Information Science and Engineering, NITTE (Deemed to be University), NITTE Karkala, Nitte Mahalinga Adyantaya Memorial Institute of Technology, Udupi, Karnataka, 574110, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>H.</surname>
            <given-names>Priyanka</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, PES University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560085, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>H.</surname>
            <given-names>Gururaj Rao</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Talent Aquistion Team-Campus Connect, Sasken Technologies Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560071, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>46</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1871</fpage>
      <lpage>1879</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Fog computing brings cloud-like services closer to data sources, improving responsiveness but also introducing challenges like high energy consumption and inefficient resource use. To tackle this, VM consolidation using live migration is employed to enhance energy efficiency and resource management. This paper introduces a hybrid Genetic Algorithm model that combines various selection strategies—Tournament, Rank, SUS, Truncation, and Roulette-Wheel—to optimize CPU and memory usage during VM consolidation. By using heuristics for population generation, fitness evaluation, and load balancing, the model minimizes active physical machines and adapts to workload changes, improving efficiency in fog data centers.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>SUS</kwd>
        <kwd>GA</kwd>
        <kwd>VM</kwd>
        <kwd>PM</kwd>
        <kwd>hybrid GA</kwd>
        <kwd>Memory utilization</kwd>
        <kwd>CPU utilization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
