<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2018</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A blockchain-based auction framework for sustainable waste management : Utilizing non-fungible tokens (NFT) and zero knowledge proofs (ZKPs) for enhanced authentication</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>Ch Sree</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Laitumkhrah, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793003, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Singh</surname>
            <given-names>Akhilendra Pratap</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Laitumkhrah, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793003, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>46</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1891</fpage>
      <lpage>1899</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>The significant rise in Waste generation poses substantial difficulties for the management of it. A solution that ensures transparency, efficiency, and trust within the community is highly sought after as a means of addressing this issue. We proposed an advanced trading framework integrating Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and blockchain technology with auction-based processing to enhance conventional waste disposal methods. In the proposed framework, with ZKPs, the organizations are verified in a decentralized system, where the authentication is carried out without disclosing sensitive information. Vendors can list the waste as NFTs on a secure marketplace, guaran teeing participation from accredited entities in the recycling process. Additionally, our framework implements an auction mechanism, enabling verified organizations to bid on waste materials. All transactions are stored on the blockchain, enhancing transparency, accountability, and trust among stakeholders. The performance of this framework is evaluated using Hyperledger Caliper, measuring critical parameters such as average latency, transactions per second (TPS), and memory consumption to ensure reliability and scalability.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Sustainability</kwd>
        <kwd>NFTs</kwd>
        <kwd>Blockchain</kwd>
        <kwd>ZKPs</kwd>
        <kwd>Waste management</kwd>
        <kwd>Auction mechanism</kwd>
        <kwd>Decentralized system</kwd>
        <kwd>Polygon</kwd>
        <kwd>Metamask</kwd>
        <kwd>Blockchain</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperledger calipher</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
