<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-1899</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adaptive noise injection techniques for optimizing deep learning models under adversarial attacks</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Deshmukh</surname>
            <given-names>Araddhana Arvind</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology (Cyber Security), Symbiosis Skill and Professional University, Pune, Maharashtra, 412101, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dhumal</surname>
            <given-names>Priyanka S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Pimpri, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Patil</surname>
            <given-names>Shankar M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Engineering, Smt Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 411005, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ajani</surname>
            <given-names>Samir N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>School of Computer Science and Engineering, Ramdeobaba University (RBU), Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440013, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gondhalekar</surname>
            <given-names>Gaurav</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electrical Engineering, Yeshwatrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 441110, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mehta</surname>
            <given-names>Ajay Kumar</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JECRC University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303905, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bhattacharya</surname>
            <given-names>Saurabh</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>School of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 203201, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>46</volume>
      <issue>4-B</issue>
      <fpage>1153</fpage>
      <lpage>1163</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>More and more apps are using deep learning models, which has raised worries about how vulnerable they are to threats from other programs. As a result, academics have looked into adaptable noise input methods as a way to make these models more resistant to attacks like these. In this study, we look at all the latest adaptive noise input methods that are designed to make deep learning models work better in hostile environments. By adding noise to the input space, hidden layers, or gradients during model training, these methods try to lessen the effect of hostile changes. These methods make the model more resistant to hostile manipulation without affecting its performance on clean data. They do this by changing the noise parameters on the fly based on the features of the input data or the model’s performance. This paper uses experiments and comparisons to show how well and how many different ways adaptive noise input techniques can be used to make deep learning models safer and more resilient against threats.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Adaptive noise injection</kwd>
        <kwd>Deep learning models</kwd>
        <kwd>Adversarial attacks</kwd>
        <kwd>Model optimization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
