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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-1928</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Advanced detection of phishing URLs : An empirical study through login URL pattern analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Rafi</surname>
            <given-names>D. Mahammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security), Dundigal, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500043, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kishore</surname>
            <given-names>K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500075, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Subbaiah</surname>
            <given-names>B. Rama</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering and Technology, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, 518501, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elangovan</surname>
            <given-names>Muniyandy</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India</aff>
          <aff>Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Babu</surname>
            <given-names>D. Kishore</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500043, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tej</surname>
            <given-names>Pabba Varshin</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Cyber Security), Dundigal, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500043, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>46</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>467</fpage>
      <lpage>483</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Phishing attacks pose critical cybersecurity challenges, demanding robust detection methods. This study presents a novel hybrid model combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for detecting phishing URLs. Leveraging a Kaggle dataset, the research evaluates the performance of CNN, LSTM, and a hybrid CNN-LSTM architecture. The hybrid approach uniquely integrates CNN’s feature extraction capabilities with LSTM’s sequence learning strength, delivering enhanced detection accuracy and reliability. Experimental results underscore its effectiveness in distinguishing phishing and legitimate URLs, providing a significant advancement in phishing detection technologies and addressing the growing need for innovative cyber defence mechanisms. </p>
      </abstract>
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