<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-1853</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Improved security in credit cards via duplicitous contract detection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yadav</surname>
            <given-names>Suman</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi, 110063, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Sharma</surname>
            <given-names>Ruchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi, 110063, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dabas</surname>
            <given-names>Annu</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi, 110063, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arora</surname>
            <given-names>Charu</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Applied Sciences, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi, 110063, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mitra</surname>
            <given-names>Gaurav</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi, 110063, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aggarwal</surname>
            <given-names>Apoorva</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi, 110063, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rehalia</surname>
            <given-names>Arvind</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Information and Technology Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi, 110063, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanyal</surname>
            <given-names>Sanjeev</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science, IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arora</surname>
            <given-names>Monika</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>46</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>75</fpage>
      <lpage>79</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Credit card fraud is among the most prominent financial frauds in the ever-growing industry. Credit card firms must detect fraudulent transactions to ensure clients are not billed for products they did not purchase. With technological advancements, fraudulent transactions have increased, driven by the proliferation of online payment options. Machine learning algorithms play a pivotal role in detecting fraud by analyzing transaction behavior. This study presents a model achieving 99.92% accuracy using techniques like Random Forest Classifier, SVC, and SGD Classifier. The model employs dataset preprocessing and sampling techniques such as SMOTE and SMOTEENN. Our findings highlight effective fraud detection mechanisms and their relevance to the financial industry.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Machine learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Random forest classifier</kwd>
        <kwd>Credit card fraud detection</kwd>
        <kwd>Pipelines</kwd>
        <kwd>SMOTE</kwd>
        <kwd>SVC</kwd>
        <kwd>SGD classifier</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
