<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-information-and-optimization-sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0103</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0252-2667</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIOS-2177</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Numerical analysis of p-vector norm errors in interacting data under random noise fluctuation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Joseph</surname>
            <given-names>Ogethakpo Arhonefe</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozioma</surname>
            <given-names>Ogoegbulem</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Dennis Osadebay University, Anwai, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peters</surname>
            <given-names>Nwagor</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chinagorom</surname>
            <given-names>Nwaigwe Chrysogonus</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Statistics, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Dennis Osadebay University, Asaba, Nigeria</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>18</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>This study investigates the p-vector norm error between interacting datasets subjected to random noise fluctuations using a numerical simulation approach. A system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations was analyzed to quantify errors between controlled and uncontrolled data under a noise intensity of 0.2. The Runge-Kutta fourth-order (RK4) method was employed for numerical simulations, and steady-state solutions were derived for equilibrium points. The results demonstrated that the p-vector norm errors (D1, D2, D3, D4) followed a monotonically decreasing sequence, with D3 exhibiting the least error. This study provides a framework for selection, development and validation of the best model for prediction, highlighting the impact of random noise on statistical dispersion metrics such as range, mean, and variance.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Numerical analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>p-vector norm</kwd>
        <kwd>Error quantification</kwd>
        <kwd>Random noise</kwd>
        <kwd>Runge-Kutta method</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
