<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-interdisciplinary-mathematics</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-012X</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0502</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIM-2663</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fractional diffusion model for removing additive noise with forward-backward diffusivity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rani</surname>
            <given-names>Monika</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics &amp; Data Science, Sharda School of Engineering &amp; Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>Santosh</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics &amp; Data Science, Sharda School of Engineering &amp; Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <fpage>2711</fpage>
      <lpage>2720</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>The PDE-based diffusion model is very effective in reducing noise and preserving edges, which are the major problems in image processing. This paper aims to propose a time-fractional diffusion model to remove additive noise from noisy images while keeping important edges clear. The proposed model uses both spatial derivatives and a time-fractional derivative. This fractional order helps control the diffusion process more effectively than the classical model. The model is discretized using a finite difference method for numerical implementation. The outcomes of the fractional model are evaluated using peak signal-to- noise ratio (PSNR), and the results show that the model improves noise removal while preserving image edges.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Diffusion model</kwd>
        <kwd>Conformable derivative</kwd>
        <kwd>Fractional diffusion model</kwd>
        <kwd>Discrete scheme</kwd>
        <kwd>PSNR values</kwd>
        <kwd>Image processing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
