<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-interdisciplinary-mathematics</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-012X</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0502</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIM-2665</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Capturing nonlinear dynamical behavior of the (3+1)-dimensional Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation arising in shallow water waves by using Lie group theory</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bhati</surname>
            <given-names>Kajal</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics and Data Science, School of Engineering and Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sahni</surname>
            <given-names>Nidhi</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics &amp; Data Science, School of Engineering &amp; Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>Anshu</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics and Data Science, School of Engineering and Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Alam</surname>
            <given-names>Khursheed</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics &amp; Data Science, The A. H. Siddiqi Centre for Advanced Research in Applied Mathematics &amp; Physics (CARAMP), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <fpage>2737</fpage>
      <lpage>2748</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>In this research work, the Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation is solved analytically utilizing the similarity transformations approach via classical theory of Lie-group. At each stage, the similarity transformation technique (STM) lowers the number of independent variables by one. The STM is applied to Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation and after successive application it reduces an ordinary differential equation. This can be solved further to get invariant solutions of the Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation. This research has the potential to solve Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation in a more general approach. Fluid mechanics, oceanography, optical fiber, fluid dynamics are all applications of the system.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Lie symmetry analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Exact solution</kwd>
        <kwd>Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation</kwd>
        <kwd>Plasma physics</kwd>
        <kwd>Nonlinear optics</kwd>
        <kwd>Similarity transformation method</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
