<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-interdisciplinary-mathematics</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-012X</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0502</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIM-2628</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fractal generation and its comparative analysis for sine functions using JN iteration and JI iteration with s-convexity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rani</surname>
            <given-names>Manju</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, University Institute of Sciences (UIS), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Mani</surname>
            <given-names>Naveen</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, University Institute of Sciences (UIS), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140301, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <fpage>2431</fpage>
      <lpage>2443</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>In this research, we utilize the Jungck-Ishikawa and Jungck-Noor iteration techniques in combination with s-convexity to derive the escape criteria for generating fractals of the complex-valued sine function sinξm + aξ2 – bξ + c, assuming m is a positive integer exceeding two, and a, b, c belonging to the set of complex numbers. Leveraging the escape criteria, we generate Julia sets for both the iteration methods. The fractals produced exhibit starshaped structures with 2m spokes along with intricate internal patterns. We also conduct a comparative analysis of the outcomes obtained from the aforementioned iterations, highlighting the distinct characteristics and aesthetic appeal of the generated fractals.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Fractal</kwd>
        <kwd>Escape criteria</kwd>
        <kwd>Mapping</kwd>
        <kwd>Fixed-point</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
