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<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-interdisciplinary-mathematics</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-012X</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0502</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIM-2505</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fixed-point theorems in training deep neural networks</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Patil</surname>
            <given-names>Praniti Ram</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Information Technology, Dwarkadas Jivanlal Sanghvi College of Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Rajpurohit</surname>
            <given-names>Suresh Singh</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Kandivali, Thakur Shyamnarayan Engineering College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400101, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Joshi</surname>
            <given-names>Manthan</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Information Technology, Shree L.R. Tiwari College of Engineering, Thane, Maharashtra, 401107, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dave</surname>
            <given-names>Harsha</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Engineering, Shree L. R. Tiwari College of Engineering, Thane, Maharashtra, 401107, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gojare</surname>
            <given-names>Aakash Mansaram</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Engineering, Shree L. R. Tiwari College of Engineering, Thane, Maharashtra, 401107, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parkar</surname>
            <given-names>Ashwini Prasad</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), Parshvanath Charitable Trust’s A. P. Shah Institute of Technology, Thane, Maharashtra, 400615, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>701</fpage>
      <lpage>708</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>This paper discuss fixed-point theories can be used to train deep neural networks. We find a mathematical link between nonlinear analysis and learning dynamics by looking at neural network optimisation as a fixed-point problem. In repeated training processes, fixed-point formulas ensure convergence, stability, and equilibrium in a theoretical sense.  The results of experiments show that fixed-point–based algorithms are faster and more stable than standard optimisation methods such as Adam and gradient descent.  This study shows how fixed-point principles can help make learning methods for complicated neural systems more accurate, easy to understand, and effective.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Fixed-Point theorems</kwd>
        <kwd>Deep learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Convergence</kwd>
        <kwd>Stability</kwd>
        <kwd>Optimization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
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  </front>
</article>
