<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-interdisciplinary-mathematics</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-012X</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0502</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIM-2012</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efficient design of neural network based on modified LM training algorithm for solving nonlinear 4th order 3D-PDEs </article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghazi</surname>
            <given-names>Farah F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tawfiq</surname>
            <given-names>Luma N. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>225</fpage>
      <lpage>234</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Authors in this work design efficient neural networks, which are based on the modified Levenberg - Marquardt (LM) training algorithms to solve non-linear fourth - order three -dimensional partial differential equations in the two kinds in the periodic and in the non-periodic - Periodic. Software reliability growth models are essential tools for monitoring and evaluating the evolution of software reliability. Software defect detection events that occur during testing and operation are often treated as counting processes in many current models. However, when working with large software systems, the error detection process should be viewed as a random process with a continuous state space, since the number of faults found during testing is vast and the number of faults corrected by bug fixing changes only insignificantly. The suggested design addressing minimization problems employs a feed-forward approach to solve problems like these equations by converting the original problem into an optimization. Efficient design is achieved through a calculated parameter for learning with high precision. To clarify applicability, reliability, and accuracy for this design, some examples are provided. Additionally, to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed design, comparisons were conducted with other designs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>ANNs</kwd>
        <kwd>BP-training algorithm</kwd>
        <kwd>FFNNs</kwd>
        <kwd>LM training algorithm</kwd>
        <kwd>PDEs</kwd>
        <kwd>Convergence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
