<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article ">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-interdisciplinary-mathematics</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-012X</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0502</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIM-2822</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mathematical analysis of complex biological systems using dynamical models</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pugazhendhi</surname>
            <given-names>S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi College of Pharmacy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education &amp; Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <given-names>Neha Rana</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>School of Pharmacy, Noida International University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Jalkute</surname>
            <given-names>Chidambar</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Science and Technology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, Maharashtra, 415539, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dilliwar</surname>
            <given-names>Vikas</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rungta College of Engineering and Technology, Rungta International Skills University, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, 490024, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mundada</surname>
            <given-names>Kapil</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411037, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gandhi</surname>
            <given-names>Ayush</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Centre for Research Impact and Outcome (CRIO), Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname> Gayathri</surname>
            <given-names>M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Management Studies, Meenakshi College of Arts and Science, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600087, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <fpage>3097</fpage>
      <lpage>3107</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>The mathematical modelling of biological systems with multiple components provides a systematic solution to the study of the nonlinear interactions, regulatory mechanisms and dynamic behaviours of those multiple components. The aim in this study is to build the approach of dynamical modeling using ordinary differential equations to simulate the fact of time-varying biological populations, molecular concentrations and regulatory processes. The biological assumptions and initial conditions are specified to set realistic constraints on a system, while the nonlinear interaction functions represent feedback, competition, cooperation, saturation and regulatory effects. The obtained differential equation system is analyzed by considering the equilibrium, stability analysis and numerical simulation methods. A proper numerical solution method is used to determine system trajectories for various parameter and initial conditions. The capability of the proposed model to describe steady states, transient responses, oscillatory behaviour and sensitivity to the biological parameters is also illustrated by the simulation results.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Dynamical models</kwd>
        <kwd>Biological systems</kwd>
        <kwd>Ordinary differential equations</kwd>
        <kwd>Nonlinear interactions</kwd>
        <kwd>Stability analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Numerical simulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
