<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-interdisciplinary-mathematics</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-012X</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0502</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JIM-2033</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A proposed improved ratio method for the solution of IVPs in delay differential equations of various characteristics</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Shaalini</surname>
            <given-names>V. J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Bishop Heber College, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, 620017, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fadugba</surname>
            <given-names>S. E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria</aff>
          <aff>Quality Education Research Group, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>28</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1795</fpage>
      <lpage>1806</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>This paper proposes an improved Ratio Method (IRM) to tackle Delay Differential Equations (DDEs) by employing a rational-type interpolating function. The Lagrange interpolation was used for approximating the delay argument. The consistency and convergence properties of IRM were analyzed. Moreover, the stability property of IRM using a test problem of DDE was investigated, and the corresponding region of stability was also obtained. The efficiency of IRM was demonstrated through illustrative examples of singularly perturbed and stiff DDEs. A comparative study of the results generated via IRM and that of the theoretical solution was presented. </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Efficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Initial value problem</kwd>
        <kwd>Rational function</kwd>
        <kwd>Singularly perturbed</kwd>
        <kwd>State-influenced delay differential equation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
