<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-discrete-mathematical-sciences-and-cryptography</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0065</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0529</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JDMSC-2853</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sum 3-equitable labeling of fan graphs : Theoretical results and algorithmic approach</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sharma</surname>
            <given-names>Simron</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics &amp; Data Science, Sharda School of Engineering &amp; Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gupta</surname>
            <given-names>Sangeeta</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics &amp; Data Science, Sharda School of Engineering &amp; Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Srivastav </surname>
            <given-names>Sweta</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics &amp; Data Science, Sharda School of Engineering &amp; Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname> Gupta</surname>
            <given-names>Deepti</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Patna College, Patna University, Bihar, 800001, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>9-A</issue>
      <fpage>3353</fpage>
      <lpage>3360</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>The study explores the use of a MATLAB program to prove the theorem that fan graphs admit sum 3-equitable labeling. The labeling scheme is defined as a bijective transformation, which assigns integer values to the vertices of the graph. These values are then used to determine the edge values, which are computed on the sum of the values of the vertices the edge joins modulo three. This classification primarily requires the preservation of equitability, which means the edges labeled via the transformation must almost evenly lie in the three classes, such that the absolute value of edges in any two classes differs by no more than one.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Fan graphs</kwd>
        <kwd>3-equitable labeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Sum 3-equitable labeling</kwd>
        <kwd>MATLAB</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
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    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
