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<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-discrete-mathematical-sciences-and-cryptography</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0065</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0529</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JDMSC-2392</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Secure domination of mesh and pyramid networks</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Thomas</surname>
            <given-names>Merlin</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600086, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cynthia</surname>
            <given-names>V. Jude Annie</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600086, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prabhu</surname>
            <given-names>S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rajan</surname>
            <given-names>R. Sundara</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>2211</fpage>
      <lpage>2221</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Given a dominating set S ⊆ V(G) for a graph G, each vertex of the graph is either in S or is adjacent to at least one vertex in S. The set S is a secure dominating set of G if, for each vertex u ∈ V(G)\S, there exists a vertex w ∈ S adjacent to u such that (S\{w})∪{u} is also a dominating set of G. The minimum cardinality of a secure dominating set in G determines the secure domination number of G. A prior investigation has established an upper bound for the secure domination number of Pp × Pq. Also, the exact values of the secure domination numbers of P2 × Pn and P3 × Pn have been reported in the literature. We present an improved upper bound for the secure domination number of Pn × Pn, when n ≥ 4 and n ≡ s (mod 3), where s ∈ {1, 2}. Using the improved upper bound, we provide an upper bound for the secure domination number of pyramid networks.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Secure domination</kwd>
        <kwd>Mesh networks</kwd>
        <kwd>Pyramid networks</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
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          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
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  </front>
</article>
