<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-discrete-mathematical-sciences-and-cryptography</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0065</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0529</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JDMSC-2198</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Extremal trees and their properties for Sigma index with fixed degree sequence</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Movahedi</surname>
            <given-names>Fateme</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>1239</fpage>
      <lpage>1248</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>For a simple graph A = (VA, EA) where VA and EA are the vertex set and the edge set, respectively, the Sigma index of A is defined as  s(A) = Sxy ∈ EA (hx – hy)2, where hx denotes the degree of x ∈ VA.  In order to minimize and maximize the Sigma index among all trees, the extremal trees with fixed degree sequence are described in this study. The properties of the extremal trees are identified. </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Extremal tree</kwd>
        <kwd>Sigma index</kwd>
        <kwd>Degree sequence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
