This paper looks at how Diophantine equations can be used to analyze and improve discrete algorithms so that they can solve problems more quickly. Finding integer answers to polynomial equations using Diophantine equations is a strong way to solve problems in combinatorics, number theory, and computational complexity. We use Diophantine methods to look into how these equations can help us find the best ways to optimise discrete structures like traversing graphs, routing networks, and allocating resources. The study focusses on how useful Diophantine equations are for answering real-world computer problems, especially those that need to be solved using integers and optimized. We look at different mathematical ways to use these equations and talk about how efficient they are and how they might help algorithms work better.