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<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-discrete-mathematical-sciences-and-cryptography</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0065</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0529</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JDMSC-3022</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>AI-driven early warning systems for IoT cyber threats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ubale</surname>
            <given-names>Abhiraj Bhaskar</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, COEP Technological University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411005, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kotkar</surname>
            <given-names>Vijay</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Engineering, Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust’s, Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering and Research, Ravet, Pune, Maharashtra, 412101, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Joshi</surname>
            <given-names>Sayali D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Information Technology, Mararhwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, 411052, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Patil</surname>
            <given-names>Milind S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics &amp; Telecommunication Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411037, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yadav</surname>
            <given-names>Puneet Kumar</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Noida International University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 203201, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>V. S. N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science, Aditya Degree &amp; PG Colleges (Autonomous), Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, 533003, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>10-A</issue>
      <fpage>3951</fpage>
      <lpage>3961</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems has been associated with serious cybersecurity threats due to the heterogeneous nature, dynamism in connectivity, and poor computing abilities. The present paper presents an AI-based early warning system, which is strong in detecting and predicting cyber threats in an IoT environment, with a high accuracy and low latency. The framework is a combination of sequential learning algorithms, i.e., BiLSTM and GRU, to learn temporal anomalies of network traffic, and Graph Neural Networks (GNN) to learn complex interactions among devices. A hybrid ensemble of Autoencoder based anomaly detectors and XGBoost based classification can achieve an improved predictive performance and a reduced false positives. It has a distributed monitoring and edge intelligence layer to mitigate threats in real time by processing real time data. The experimental results indicate that the proposed system is more accurate in detecting and has a shorter response time and higher system robustness and hence can be applied to scalable and security-critical internet of things applications in other domains.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>IoT security</kwd>
        <kwd>Early warning system</kwd>
        <kwd>Deep learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Graph neural networks</kwd>
        <kwd>Anomaly detection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
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          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
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        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
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  </front>
</article>
