Blockchain networks face escalating security challenges, including quantum computing threats, Sybil attacks, and scalability bottlenecks. Existing consensus mechanisms like Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) lack adaptive security features and quantum resistance. This paper introduces the Quantum-Resistant Hierarchical Consensus Protocol (QRHCP), a novel hybrid framework combining Hierarchical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (HBFT), lattice-based post-quantum signatures, dynamic sharding, and a deception-based Sybil resistance mechanism. QRHCP organizes nodes in a multi-layered validation hierarchy, where root validators finalize blocks while edge validators process lightweight transactions. To counter quantum threats, we integrate CRYSTALS-Dilithium signatures in a dual-signature scheme, ensuring backward compatibility while transitioning to quantum-safe cryptography. Additionally, Adaptive Dynamic Sharding (ADS) optimizes network performance by dynamically splitting or merging shards based on real-time threat analysis. We evaluate QRHCP against Byzantine attack resistance, quantum vulnerability, and transaction throughput using a custom blockchain simulator. Results show 40% faster consensus latency compared to PBFT, 99.9% Sybil attack detection via the Decoy Chain Mechanism (DCM), and scalability up to 10,000 TPS under adaptive sharding. Our work provides a provably secure, quantum-resistant, and highly scalable consensus model for next-generation blockchain applications.