<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-discrete-mathematical-sciences-and-cryptography</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0065</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0529</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JDMSC-2067</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Secure 2-domination in graphs</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boufelgha</surname>
            <given-names>Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Laboratories of Mathematics and Applications of Mathematics, BP 98 Ouled Aissa, University of Mohamed Seddik Benyahia, Jijel, 18000, Algeria</aff>
          <aff>Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Abdelhafid Boussouf University Center, Mila, 43000, Algeria</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Ahmia</surname>
            <given-names>Moussa</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Laboratories of Mathematics and Applications of Mathematics, BP 98 Ouled Aissa, University of Mohamed Seddik Benyahia, Jijel, 18000, Algeria</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guettiche</surname>
            <given-names>Mourad</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Abdelhafid Boussouf University Center, Mila, 43000, Algeria</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>28</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <fpage>2723</fpage>
      <lpage>2736</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Let G = (V, E) be a simple graph. A set D ⊆ V is a dominating set of G if every vertex in V\D is adjacent to at least one vertex in D. D is a 2-dominating set if every vertex in V\D has at least two neighbors in D. A secure dominating set S of a graph G is a dominating set with the property that every vertex u in V\S is adjacent to a vertex v∈S such that (S\{v}) ∪‍ {u} is a dominating set. In this paper, we define and study a new invariant of domination in graphs which is the secure 2-dominating set. A 2-dominating set S is secure 2-dominating if for every vertex u in V\S, ∃v∈(S ∩‍ N(u)) such that (S\{v}) ∪‍ {u} is a 2-dominating set. The secure 2-domination number γ2s(G) is equal to the minimum cardinality of a secure 2-dominating set. First, we establish lower and upper bounds on γ2s (G) of a graph and a triangle-free graph. Then we determine the secure 2-domination number γ2s (G) of paths and cycles. After, we study the complexity of secure 2-domination problem by proving that the determining of the parameters value is NP-complete, also for split and bipartite graphs. Finally, we provide an upper bound of parameter in terms of clique number and independent number for perfect graphs. </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Domination</kwd>
        <kwd>Secure domination</kwd>
        <kwd>Secure 2-domination</kwd>
        <kwd>Complexity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
