<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-discrete-mathematical-sciences-and-cryptography</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0065</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0529</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JDMSC-2462</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High-capacity image steganography secured by universal adversarial perturbations</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Singh</surname>
            <given-names>Arun Kumar</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Haryana, 122413, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Singh</surname>
            <given-names>Juhi</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>28</volume>
      <issue>5-B</issue>
      <fpage>2227</fpage>
      <lpage>2235</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Steganography embeds a significant amount of information within various data types, such as text, images, audio, or video, in a manner that complicates the presence of the hidden material or any detection efforts. The presented method improved the data-hiding capability and Security by employing Discrete Cosine Transform, Universal Adversarial Perturbation (UAP), and Discrete Wavelet Transform. A two-stage steganographic scheme has been developed in which secret data are first hidden within selected DCT coefficients of a two-level DWT decomposition and then subjected to a constrained Universal Adversarial Perturbation. UAP perturbs the cover image in a way that resists deep learning attacks. A scaling factor is calculated using the 2D DWT transform of the cover image and the DCT transform of the message image. By uniting high-capacity transform-domain embedding with adversarial noise generation, the approach achieves both substantial payload density and robust security against deep-learning-based detectors. </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Image steganography</kwd>
        <kwd>Discrete cosine transform</kwd>
        <kwd>Discrete wavelet transform</kwd>
        <kwd>Universal adversarial perturbation</kwd>
        <kwd>Secure covert communication</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
