<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-discrete-mathematical-sciences-and-cryptography</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0065</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0529</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JDMSC-2151</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A novel cryptographic approach to evaluate the security of federated learning frameworks</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Gowda</surname>
            <given-names>V. Dankan</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chakrasali</surname>
            <given-names>Sadashiva V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MSR Nagar MSRIT Post, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>Pullela SVVSR</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Aditya University, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dhole</surname>
            <given-names>Sampada Abhijit</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronic and Telecommunication, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering for Women, Pune, Maharashtra, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Patil</surname>
            <given-names>Jayamala Kumar</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Singh</surname>
            <given-names>Shivoham</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Operations, Symbiosis International (Deemed to be University), Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune, Hyderabad, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>28</volume>
      <issue>5-A</issue>
      <fpage>1527</fpage>
      <lpage>1536</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>Federated Learning (FL) has turned out to be one of the most useful techniques for enabling distributed machine learning while protecting the data. Thirdly, because FL is distributed, the introduced feature is susceptible to several attacks associated with security. The current paper develops a new cryptographic solution that can enhance the security of FL frameworks. Thus, applying the cryptographic technologies, the employ of the proposed method ensures reliable data protection against the losses and illicit interventions. Experimental evaluations for this strategy are numerous and illustrate how, at the same time, our approach defends FL operations on the practical level while providing performance. It should also be noted how the results can provide a clear depiction to prove how beneficial our cryptographic solution will be in the context of improving the security of federated learning and paving the way for safer and more reliable FL implementations.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Federated learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Cryptography</kwd>
        <kwd>Security evaluation</kwd>
        <kwd>Privacy preservation</kwd>
        <kwd>Machine learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Data protection</kwd>
        <kwd>Distributed systems</kwd>
        <kwd>Advanced cryptographic</kwd>
        <kwd>Techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Secure aggregation</kwd>
        <kwd>Adversarial attacks</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
