<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="Research Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">journal-of-discrete-mathematical-sciences-and-cryptography</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2169-0065</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">0972-0529</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Taru Publications</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47974/JDMSC-1891</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Enhanced security in federated learning by integrating homomorphic encryption for privacy-protected, collaborative model training</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rao</surname>
            <given-names>Ganga Rama Koteswara</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghanimi</surname>
            <given-names>Hayder M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Information Technology, College of Science, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq</aff>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramachandran</surname>
            <given-names>V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GITAM School of Computing, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 561203, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Al-Qahtani</surname>
            <given-names>Dokhyl</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dadheech</surname>
            <given-names>Pankaj</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management &amp; Gramothan (SKIT), Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sengan</surname>
            <given-names>Sudhakar</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Department of Computer Science and Engineering, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627152, India</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>27</volume>
      <issue>2-A</issue>
      <fpage>361</fpage>
      <lpage>370</lpage>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <abstract>
        <p>A significant novel approach in distributed ML, Federated Learning (FL), enables multiple parties to work simultaneously on developing models while securing the confidentiality of their unique datasets. There are issues regarding privacy with FL, particularly for models that are being trained, because private information can be accessed from shared gradients or updates to the model. This investigation proposes SecureHE-Fed, a novel system that improves FL’s defense against attacks on privacy through the use of Homomorphic Encryption (HE) and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP). Before data from clients becomes involved in the learning procedure, SecureHE-Fed encrypts it. The following lets us determine encrypted messages without revealing the data as it is. As an additional security test, ZKP is employed to verify if modifications to models are valid without sharing the true nature of the information. By evaluating SecureHE-Fed with different FL techniques, researchers demonstrate that it enhances confidentiality while maintaining the precision of the model. The results of this work obtained validate SecureHE-Fed as a secure and scalable FL approach, and we recommend its use in applications where user confidentiality is essential.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Homomorphic encryption</kwd>
        <kwd>Federated learning</kwd>
        <kwd>ZKP</kwd>
        <kwd>Privacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Security</kwd>
        <kwd>Machine learning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>access</meta-name>
          <meta-value>open</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>retracted</meta-name>
          <meta-value>no</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
